APA101 - Answers to Exercises in Lesson 2

Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J-C. (1977). Reproduction in education, society, and culture.: London: Russell Sage Foundation.

(Bourdieu & Passeron, 1977)
The authors' names are reversed and only first initials are used. The "J-C" for Jean-Claude are initials that are not too common in English; just "J" would be acceptable too. Titles in the text must be uppercased according to standard English convention, but lowercased in references. Everyone knows London is in England. If you used "London, England" or "London, UK" no one will likely notice, or care. The APA Manual has a list of cities that stand alone, without a country or state (2001, sec. 4.03). APA style follows conventional punctuation rules for commas in references and citations.

The APA Manual advises that "when in doubt, provide more information rather than less" (2001, sec. 4.16, p. 232).

Exercise 2. Book Published by the Author, "Jr." in the Name
Strunk, W., Jr. (1918). The elements of style. Ithaca, NY: Author.

(Strunk, 1918)

APA style uses a lot of commas (they get a kick-back from the comma syndicate); the presentation of the name follows common usage. The title is lowercased, and "The" is part of it. The trick part is to figure out the publisher. APA style uses "Author" when the author and publisher are the same person. You might have noticed that in the reference to the APA Manual in the required reading section. If you entered "William Strunk, Jr." that's OK too. The postal abbreviation for New York (NY) is used. APA style uses standard postal abbreviations for states (but not for Canadian provinces or other countries) (APA, 2001, sec. 4.03). This has become the convention in American English, though you had no way to know this is also APA style.

APA style does not include suffixes such as "Jr." in citations.

Exercise 3. Edition Other Than First

Kuhn, T. S. (1977). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Editions other than the first have not yet been covered in APA101. Examples were provided, and APA's passion for parentheses was noted (hint, hint). This is a good example. If you picked up on all that, good for you! It's a good bet that the University of Chicago Press is located in Chicago. Absent other information, use your best judgment.

Exercise 4. Journal Article, More Than Six Authors

McGlynn, E. A., Asch, S. M., Adams, J., Keesey, J., Hicks, J., DeCristofaro, A., et al. (2003). The quality of health: care delivered to adults in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 2635-2645.

(McGlynn et al., 2003)
When you work through the clutter of names and degrees you find there are seven authors to this article. The APA rule is to give the first six and add et al. to the the list. However, when there are more than five names, the citation gives just the lead author and et al. "Et al." means "and others." The Latin et is a word, not an abbreviation. So the citation reads: (McGlynn and others, 2003). There is no comma after McGlynn!

APA style does NOT drop digits in inclusive page numbers. If you used the page numbers as presented, 2635-45, this is wrong. Always give all digits: 2635-2645. You had no way to know, but now you do!

Exercise 5. Journal Article, Four Authors

Miller, F. G., Emanuel, E. J., Rosenstein, D. L., & Straus, S. E. (2004). Ethical issues concerning research in: complementary and alternative medicine. JAMA, 291, 599-604.
First citation: (Miller, Emanuel, Rosenstein, & Straus, 2004); next citation (Miller et al., 2004).

The official name of the AMA journal is JAMA (and pronounced jamma). But you can't know the formal name of all journals. If you used Journal of the American Medical Association that's OK. If in doubt always give more information, not less. Did you lowercase the title?

APA style puts the volume number in italics along with the title (name) of the journal. You had know way to know this unless you observed it. Hopefully, this will trick you into remembering it! Volumes and page numbers and stuff will be covered in the next lesson.

Exercise 6. What's What: Web Page or Monograph?

Homeland Security Council. (2005, November 1). National strategy for pandemic influenza [Monograph].: Washington, DC: The Whitehouse. Retrieved November 2, 2005, from
http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html
Homeland Security Council. (2005, November 1). National strategy for pandemic influenza. Retrieved November 2,: 2005, from the Whitehouse Web site, http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html
(Homeland Security Council, 2005) This document could have been referenced as a monograph downloaded from the Web, or as a Web page. The key questions are: "Has the document been well identified? Can the reader find it?" Both of these references meet these criteria. Many sources are ambiguous as to where they were published and just who was the publisher. Even the date of publication is sometimes not clear. The "November 1" may not be important, but what if they revise it the following month? People get sloppy with documents like this. Cite what you know, give more information rather than less. Long URLs may be broken after a dash or before a period to wrap a line (APA, 2001, p. 271). Although the topic has not yet been covered, when there is not an identifiable author to a source the title is substituted. This reference could also have been written:
National strategy for pandemic influenza. (2005, November 1). Washington, DC: Homeland Security Council.: Retrieved November 2, 2005, from the Whitehouse Web site, http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/
pandemic-influenza.html